TY - JOUR
T1 - Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and retinol and the risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort
AU - Bakker, Marije F
AU - Peeters, Petra Hm
AU - Klaasen, Veronique M
AU - Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas
AU - Jansen, Eugene Hjm
AU - Ros, Martine M
AU - Travier, Noémie
AU - Olsen, Anja
AU - Tjønneland, Anne
AU - Overvad, Kim
AU - Rinaldi, Sabina
AU - Romieu, Isabelle
AU - Brennan, Paul
AU - Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
AU - Perquier, Florence
AU - Cadeau, Claire
AU - Boeing, Heiner
AU - Aleksandrova, Krasimira
AU - Kaaks, Rudolf
AU - Kühn, Tilman
AU - Trichopoulou, Antonia
AU - Lagiou, Pagona
AU - Trichopoulos, Dimitrios
AU - Vineis, Paolo
AU - Krogh, Vittorio
AU - Panico, Salvatore
AU - Masala, Giovanna
AU - Tumino, Rosario
AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete
AU - Skeie, Guri
AU - Lund, Eiliv
AU - Quirós, J Ramón
AU - Ardanaz, Eva
AU - Navarro, Carmen
AU - Amiano, Pilar
AU - Sánchez, María-José
AU - Buckland, Genevieve
AU - Ericson, Ulrika
AU - Sonestedt, Emily
AU - Johansson, Matthias
AU - Sund, Malin
AU - Travis, Ruth C
AU - Key, Timothy J
AU - Khaw, Kay-Tee
AU - Wareham, Nick
AU - Riboli, Elio
AU - van Gils, Carla H
N1 - © 2016 American Society for Nutrition.
PY - 2016/2
Y1 - 2016/2
N2 - BACKGROUND: Carotenoids and vitamin C are thought to be associated with reduced cancer risk because of their antioxidative capacity.OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the associations of plasma carotenoid, retinol, tocopherol, and vitamin C concentrations and risk of breast cancer.DESIGN: In a nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, 1502 female incident breast cancer cases were included, with an oversampling of premenopausal (n = 582) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cases (n = 462). Controls (n = 1502) were individually matched to cases by using incidence density sampling. Prediagnostic samples were analyzed for α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and vitamin C. Breast cancer risk was computed according to hormone receptor status and age at diagnosis (proxy for menopausal status) by using conditional logistic regression and was further stratified by smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI). All statistical tests were 2-sided.RESULTS: In quintile 5 compared with quintile 1, α-carotene (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.98) and β-carotene (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.65) were inversely associated with risk of ER- breast tumors. The other analytes were not statistically associated with ER- breast cancer. For estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors, no statistically significant associations were found. The test for heterogeneity between ER- and ER+ tumors was statistically significant only for β-carotene (P-heterogeneity = 0.03). A higher risk of breast cancer was found for retinol in relation to ER-/progesterone receptor-negative tumors (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 4.67; P-heterogeneity with ER+/progesterone receptor positive = 0.06). We observed no statistically significant interaction between smoking, alcohol, or BMI and all investigated plasma analytes (based on tertile distribution).CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that higher concentrations of plasma β-carotene and α-carotene are associated with lower breast cancer risk of ER- tumors.
AB - BACKGROUND: Carotenoids and vitamin C are thought to be associated with reduced cancer risk because of their antioxidative capacity.OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the associations of plasma carotenoid, retinol, tocopherol, and vitamin C concentrations and risk of breast cancer.DESIGN: In a nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, 1502 female incident breast cancer cases were included, with an oversampling of premenopausal (n = 582) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cases (n = 462). Controls (n = 1502) were individually matched to cases by using incidence density sampling. Prediagnostic samples were analyzed for α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and vitamin C. Breast cancer risk was computed according to hormone receptor status and age at diagnosis (proxy for menopausal status) by using conditional logistic regression and was further stratified by smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI). All statistical tests were 2-sided.RESULTS: In quintile 5 compared with quintile 1, α-carotene (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.98) and β-carotene (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.65) were inversely associated with risk of ER- breast tumors. The other analytes were not statistically associated with ER- breast cancer. For estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors, no statistically significant associations were found. The test for heterogeneity between ER- and ER+ tumors was statistically significant only for β-carotene (P-heterogeneity = 0.03). A higher risk of breast cancer was found for retinol in relation to ER-/progesterone receptor-negative tumors (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 4.67; P-heterogeneity with ER+/progesterone receptor positive = 0.06). We observed no statistically significant interaction between smoking, alcohol, or BMI and all investigated plasma analytes (based on tertile distribution).CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that higher concentrations of plasma β-carotene and α-carotene are associated with lower breast cancer risk of ER- tumors.
KW - Adult
KW - Antioxidants/analysis
KW - Ascorbic Acid/blood
KW - Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
KW - Carotenoids/blood
KW - Case-Control Studies
KW - Cohort Studies
KW - Diet
KW - Europe
KW - Female
KW - Follow-Up Studies
KW - Humans
KW - Middle Aged
KW - Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
KW - Postmenopause
KW - Premenopause
KW - Prospective Studies
KW - Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
KW - Risk
KW - Tocopherols/blood
KW - Vitamin A/blood
KW - beta Carotene/blood
U2 - 10.3945/ajcn.114.101659
DO - 10.3945/ajcn.114.101659
M3 - Article
C2 - 26791185
SN - 0002-9165
VL - 103
SP - 454
EP - 464
JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
IS - 2
ER -